Health is influenced by economic and social factors referred to as the social determinants of health, and the everyday conditions associated with work and life present these determinants (Canadian Public Health Association, 2022). Access to health services and social exclusion are examples of these determinants, where health can be influenced by wealth and income disparities (Canadian Public Health Association, 2022). “Based on a meta-analysis of nearly 50 studies, researchers found that social factors, including education, racial segregation, social supports, and poverty accounted for over a third of total deaths in the United States in a year” (Bernazzani, 2016, p. 1; Kaisser Family Foundation, 2018, p.1). In Ontario, the population of racialized individuals consists of 14.4% having incomes that are low, as opposed to Black Ontarians where 24% have incomes that are low (Black Health Alliance, 2018, p.1). The Canadian population consists of 2.5% of Black Canadians, and the prison population in Canada consists of 9.5% of Black Canadians, illustrating a case of social exclusion where equity is strained (Black Health Alliance, 2018; LibertiesEU, 2021). In 2011, graduation rates among students of Black color were 69% within the Toronto District School Board (Black Health Alliance, 2018). Students of White color had a rate of 84%, and students who are racialized had a rate of 87% (Black Health Alliance, 2018). When educational levels are reflected, Canadians of White colour and of the second-generation make 10-15 % more than Canadians of Black colour and of the second-generation (Black Health Alliance, 2018). "Addressing the health outcomes of Black Ontarians ensures that all Ontarians have an equitable opportunity to thrive and contribute to the development of Canada" (Black Health Alliance, 2018, p.1).
References
Bernazzani, S. (2016). The importance of considering the social determinants of health.
https://www.ajmc.com/view/the-importance-of-considering-the-social-determinants-of-health
Black Health Alliance. (2018). Social determinants of health.
https://blackhealthalliance.ca/home/social-
determinants-health/
Canadian Public Health Association. (2022). What are the social determinants of health?
Kaisser Family Foundation. (2018). Beyond health care: the role of social determinants in
promoting health and health equity. https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-
policy/issue-brief/beyond-health-care-the-role-of-social-determinants-in-promoting-health-and-
health-equity/
LibertiesEU. (2021). Social exclusion: definition,impact, examples, future opportunites.
https://www.liberties.eu/en/stories/social-exclusion/43579
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